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61 <H1><A NAME="SECTION00800000000000000000">
62 A. GNU Free Documentation License</A>
69 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Version 1.2, November 2002
72 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
75 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
78 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
80 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
83 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
86 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
88 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
89 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
95 <B><BIG CLASS="LARGE">Preamble</BIG></B>
100 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
101 functional and useful document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to
102 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
103 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
104 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
105 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
106 for modifications made by others.
109 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
110 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
111 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
112 license designed for free software.
115 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
116 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
117 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
118 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
119 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
120 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
121 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
125 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</B></BIG></DIV>
132 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
133 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
134 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
135 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
136 work under the conditions stated herein. The ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Document</SPAN>'', below,
137 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
138 licensee, and is addressed as ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">you</SPAN>''. You accept the license if you
139 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
143 A ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Modified Version</SPAN>'' of the Document means any work containing the
144 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
145 modifications and/or translated into another language.
148 A ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Secondary Section</SPAN>'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
149 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
150 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
151 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
152 within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a
153 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
154 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
155 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
156 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
160 The ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Invariant Sections</SPAN>'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
161 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
162 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
163 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
164 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
165 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
166 Sections then there are none.
169 The ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Cover Texts</SPAN>'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
170 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
171 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
172 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
175 A ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Transparent</SPAN>'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
176 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
177 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
178 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
179 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
180 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
181 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
182 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
183 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
184 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
185 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
186 of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Opaque</SPAN>''.
189 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
190 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
191 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
192 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
193 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
194 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
195 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
196 processing tools are not generally available, and the
197 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
198 processors for output purposes only.
201 The ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Title Page</SPAN>'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
202 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
203 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
204 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
205 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
206 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
209 A section ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Entitled XYZ</SPAN>'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
210 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
211 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
212 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Acknowledgements</SPAN>'',
213 ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Dedications</SPAN>'', ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Endorsements</SPAN>'', or ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">History</SPAN>''.)
214 To ``<SPAN CLASS="textbf">Preserve the Title</SPAN>''
215 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
216 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
219 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
220 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
221 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
222 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
223 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
224 no effect on the meaning of this License.
228 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>2. VERBATIM COPYING</B></BIG></DIV>
235 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
236 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
237 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
238 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
239 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
240 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
241 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
242 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
243 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
246 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
247 you may publicly display copies.
251 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</B></BIG></DIV>
258 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
259 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
260 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
261 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
262 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
263 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
264 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
265 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
266 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
267 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
268 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
269 as verbatim copying in other respects.
272 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
273 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
274 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
278 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
279 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
280 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
281 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
282 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
283 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
284 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
285 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
286 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
287 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
288 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
289 edition to the public.
292 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
293 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
294 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
298 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>4. MODIFICATIONS</B></BIG></DIV>
305 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
306 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
307 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
308 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
309 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
310 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
315 <DD>Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
316 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
317 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
318 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
319 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
324 <DD>List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
325 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
326 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
327 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
328 unless they release you from this requirement.
333 <DD>State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
334 Modified Version, as the publisher.
339 <DD>Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
344 <DD>Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
345 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
350 <DD>Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
351 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
352 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
357 <DD>Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
358 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
363 <DD>Include an unaltered copy of this License.
368 <DD>Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
369 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
370 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
371 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
372 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
373 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
374 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
379 <DD>Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
380 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
381 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
382 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
383 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
384 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
385 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
390 <DD>For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
391 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
392 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
393 and/or dedications given therein.
398 <DD>Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
399 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
400 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
405 <DD>Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
406 may not be included in the Modified Version.
411 <DD>Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements''
412 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
417 <DD>Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
422 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
423 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
424 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
425 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
426 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
427 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
430 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
431 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
432 parties-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
433 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
437 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
438 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
439 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
440 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
441 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
442 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
443 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
444 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
445 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
448 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
449 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
450 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
454 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</B></BIG></DIV>
461 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
462 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
463 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
464 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
465 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
466 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
469 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
470 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
471 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
472 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
473 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
474 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
475 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
476 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
479 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
480 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
481 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
482 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all sections
483 Entitled ``Endorsements''.
487 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</B></BIG></DIV>
494 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
495 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
496 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
497 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
498 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
501 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
502 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
503 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
504 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
508 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</B></BIG></DIV>
515 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
516 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
517 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
518 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
519 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
520 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
521 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
522 derivative works of the Document.
525 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
526 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
527 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
528 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
529 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
530 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
535 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>8. TRANSLATION</B></BIG></DIV>
542 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
543 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
544 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
545 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
546 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
547 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
548 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
549 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
550 the original English version of this License and the original versions
551 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
552 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
553 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
556 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
557 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
558 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
563 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>9. TERMINATION</B></BIG></DIV>
570 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
571 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
572 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
573 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
574 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
575 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
576 parties remain in full compliance.
580 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</B></BIG></DIV>
587 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
588 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
589 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
590 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
591 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
594 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
595 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
596 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
597 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
598 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
599 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
600 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
601 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
605 <BIG CLASS="LARGE"><B>ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</B></BIG></DIV>
612 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
613 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
614 license notices just after the title page:
621 Copyright © YEAR YOUR NAME.
622 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
623 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
624 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
625 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
626 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
627 Free Documentation License''.
635 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
636 replace the ``with ... Texts.'' line with this:
643 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
644 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
652 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
653 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
657 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
658 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
659 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
660 to permit their use in free software.
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