4 Maypole::Manual::Inheritance - structure of a Maypole application
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8 Discusses the inheritance structure of a basic and a more advanced Maypole
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25 target *-------- note about the target
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29 source ------> target
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33 =head1 Structure of a standard Maypole application
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35 A minimal Maypole application (such as the Beer database example from the
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36 L<Maypole> synopsis) consists of a custom driver class (BeerDB.pm), a set of
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37 auto-generated model classes, and a view class:
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41 +------- init() is a factory method,
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42 1 Maypole | it sets up the view
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43 Maypole::Config <----- config(); | classes
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44 model(); init(); *-------+ THE VIEW
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45 | view_object(); -------+
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46 | +--------------* setup(); | Maypole::View::Base
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49 | | PLUGINS Apache::MVC *-----+ +-----> Maypole::View::TT
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50 | | + + | (or another view class)
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54 | | BeerDB +----- or CGI::Maypole
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55 | | or MasonX:::Maypole
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57 | setup() is a factory method,
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58 | it sets up the model
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63 | Maypole::Model::Base Class::DBI
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66 +-------> Maypole::Model::CDBI Class::DBI::<db_driver>
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69 +------------+--------+-------+---------+
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71 BeerDB::Pub | BeerDB::Beer | BeerDB::Brewery
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72 beers(); | pubs(); | beers();
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76 pub(); BeerDB::Style
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79 =head2 What about Maypole::Application - loading plugins
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81 The main job of L<Maypole::Application> is to insert the plugins into the
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82 hierarchy. It is also the responsibility of L<Maypole::Application> to decide
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83 which frontend to use. It builds the list of plugins, then pushes them onto the
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84 driver's C<@ISA>, then pushes the frontend onto the end of the driver's C<@ISA>.
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85 So method lookup first searches all the plugins, before searching the frontend
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86 and finally L<Maypole> itself.
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88 From Maypole 2.11, L<Maypole::Application> makes no appearance in the
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89 inheritance structure of a Maypole application. (In prior versions,
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90 L<Maypole::Application> would make itself inherit the plugins, and then insert
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91 itself in the hierarchy, but this was unnecessary).
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93 =head2 Who builds the model?
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95 First, remember we are talking about the standard, unmodified Maypole here. It
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96 is possible, and common, to override some or all of this stage and build a
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97 customised model. See below - An advanced Maypole application - for one
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98 approach. Also, see L<Maypole's|Maypole> C<setup_model()> method.
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100 The standard model is built in 3 stages.
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102 First, C<Maypole::setup_model> calls C<setup_database> on the Maypole model
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103 class, in this case L<Maypole::Model::CDBI>. C<setup_database> then uses
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104 L<Class::DBI::Loader> to autogenerate individual L<Class::DBI> classes for each
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105 of the tables in the database (C<BeerDB::Beer>, C<BeerDB::Pub> etc).
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106 L<Class::DBI::Loader> identifies the appropriate L<Class::DBI> subclass and
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107 inserts it into each of these table classes' C<@ISA> ( C<<
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108 Class::DBI::<db_driver> >> in the diagrams)..
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110 Next, C<Maypole::setup> B<unshifts> L<Maypole::Model::CDBI> onto the C<@ISA>
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111 array of each of these classes.
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113 Finally, the relationships among these tables are set up. Either do this
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114 manually, using the standard L<Class::DBI> syntax for configuring table
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115 relationships, or try L<Class::DBI::Relationship> (which you can use via
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116 L<Maypole::Plugin::Relationship>). If you use the plugin, you need to set up the
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117 relationships configuration before calling C<setup()>. Be aware that some people
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118 like the convenience of L<Class::DBI::Relationship>, others dislike the
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119 abstraction. YMMV.
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121 =head1 An advanced Maypole application
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123 We'll call it C<BeerDB2>.
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125 Maypole is a framework, and you can replace different bits as you wish. So what
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126 follows is one example of good practice, other people may do things differently.
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128 We assume this application is being built from the ground up, but it will often
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129 be straightforward to adapt an existing L<Class::DBI> application to this
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132 The main idea is that the autogenerated Maypole model is used as a layer on top
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133 of a separate L<Class::DBI> model. I am going to refer to this model as the
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134 'Offline' model, and the Maypole classes as the 'Maypole' model. The idea is
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135 that the Offline model can (potentially or in actuality) be used as part of
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136 another application, perhaps a command line program or a cron script, whatever.
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137 The Offline model does not know about the Maypole model, whereas the Maypole
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138 model does know about the Offline model.
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140 Let's call the offline model C<OfflineBeer>. As a traditional L<Class::DBI>
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141 application, individual table classes in this model will inherit from a common
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142 base (C<OfflineBeer>), which inherits from L<Class::DBI>).
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144 One advantage of this approach is that you can still use Maypole's autogenerated
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145 model. Another is that you do not mix online and offline code in the same
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150 Build a driver in a similar way as for the basic app, calling C<setup()> after
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151 setting up all the configuration.
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153 It is a good habit to use a custom Maypole model class for each application, as
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154 it's a likely first target for customisation. Start it like this:
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156 package BeerDB2::Maypole::Model;
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159 use base 'Maypole::Model::CDBI';
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162 You can add methods which should be shared by all table classes to this package
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163 as and when required.
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165 Configure it like this, before the C<setup()> call in the driver class:
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167 # in package BeerDB2
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168 __PACKAGE__->config->model('BeerDB2::Maypole::Model');
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169 __PACKAGE__->setup;
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171 The C<setup()> call will ensure your custom model is loaded via C<require>.
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173 B<Note>: by default, this will create Maypole/CDBI classes for all the tables in
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174 the database. You can control this by passing options for L<Class::DBI::Loader>
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175 in the call to C<setup()>.
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177 For each class in the model, you need to create a separate file. So for
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178 C<BeerDB2::Beer>, you would write:
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180 package BeerDB2::Beer;
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183 use base 'OfflineBeer::Beer';
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186 From Maypole 2.11, this package will be loaded automatically during C<setup()>,
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187 and C<BeerDB2::Maypole::Model> is B<unshifted> onto it's C<@ISA>.
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189 Configure relationships either in the individual C<OfflineBeer::*> classes, or
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190 else all together in C<OfflineBeer> itself i.e. not in the Maypole model. This
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191 way, you only define the relationships in one place.
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193 The resulting model looks like this:
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198 Maypole::Model::Base |
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200 | +-----------------+----+-----------------+
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203 Maypole::Model::CDBI | | OFFLINE
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206 BeerDB2::Maypole::Model Class::DBI::<db_driver> OfflineBeer
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209 +-----------------------------+ |
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211 +--- BeerDB2::Pub --------+ OfflineBeer::Pub --------+
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214 | OfflineBeer::Handpump ---+
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218 +--- BeerDB2::Beer -------+ OfflineBeer::Beer -------+
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223 +--- BeerDB2::Style ------+ OfflineBeer::Style ------+
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226 +--- BeerDB2::Brewery ----+ OfflineBeer::Brewery ----+
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233 1. Non-Maypole applications using the Offline model are completely isolated from
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234 the Maypole application, and need not know it exists at all.
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236 2. Methods defined in the Maypole table classes, override methods defined in the
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237 Offline table classes, because C<BeerDB2::Maypole::Model> was unshifted onto the
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238 beginning of each Maypole table class's C<@ISA>. Perl's depth first,
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239 left-to-right method lookup from e.g. C<BeerDB2::Beer> starts in
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240 C<BeerDB2::Beer>, then C<BeerDB2::Maypole::Model>, C<Maypole::Model::CDBI>,
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241 C<Maypole::Model::Base>, and C<Class::DBI>, before moving on to
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242 C<OfflineBeer::Beer> and finally C<OfflineBeer>.
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244 B<CAVEAT> - if your Offline model overrides L<Class::DBI> methods, these methods
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245 will B<not> be overridden when called from the Maypole application, because the
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246 Maypole model provides an alternative path to L<Class::DBI> which is searched
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247 first. The solution is to place such methods in a separate package, e.g.
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248 C<OfflineBeer::CDBI>. Place this B<first> in the C<@ISA> of both
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249 C<BeerDB2::Maypole::Model> and C<OfflineBeer>. Note that C<OfflineBeer::CDBI>
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250 does not itself need to inherit from L<Class::DBI>.
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252 3. Methods defined in the Maypole model base class (C<BeerDB2::Maypole::Model>),
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253 override methods in the individual Offline table classes, and in the Offline
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254 model base class (C<Offline>).
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256 4. Relationships defined in the Offline classes are inherited by the Maypole
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259 5. The Maypole model has full access to the underlying Offline model.
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263 This layout illustrates more clearly why the Maypole model may be thought of as
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264 part of the controller, rather than part of the model of MVC. Its function is to
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265 mediate web requests, translating them into method calls on the Offline model,
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266 munging the results, and returning them via the Maypole request object.
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268 Another way of thinking about it is that Maypole implements a two-layer
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269 controller. The first layer translates a raw request into a single method call
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270 on the Maypole model layer, which then translates that call into one or more
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271 calls on the underlying model.
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273 Whatever label you prefer to use, this approach provides for clear separation of
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274 concerns between the underlying model and the web/user interface, and that's
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275 what it's all about.
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277 =head1 Advanced applications - building the model by hand ** TODO
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279 - using Maypole::Model::CDBI::Plain or Maypole::FormBuilder::Model::Plain
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280 - setup_model() and load_model_subclass()
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281 - cutting out all those separate paths to CDBI - they're confusing
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284 =head1 Method inheritance ** TODO
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286 More description of Perl's left-to-right, depth-first method lookup, and where
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287 it's particularly important in Maypole.
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293 David Baird, C<< <cpan@riverside-cms.co.uk> >>
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295 =head1 COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
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297 Copyright 2005 David Baird, All Rights Reserved.
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299 This text is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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300 under the same terms as the Perl documentation itself.
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