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10 <TITLE>A. The GNU General Public License</TITLE>
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60 <!--Table of Child-Links-->
61 <A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
63 <UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
64 <LI><A NAME="tex2html169"
65 HREF="node7.html#SECTION00071000000000000000">Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A>
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70 <H1><A NAME="SECTION00070000000000000000">
71 A. The GNU General Public License</A>
78 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Version 2, June 1991
81 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
84 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
87 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
89 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
92 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
95 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER"></DIV>
97 <DIV ALIGN="CENTER">Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
98 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
105 <B><BIG CLASS="LARGE">Preamble</BIG></B>
110 The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to
111 share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is
112 intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to
113 make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public
114 License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to
115 any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free
116 Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public
117 License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
120 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price.
121 Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the
122 freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service
123 if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
124 that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs;
125 and that you know you can do these things.
128 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to
129 deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These
130 restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
131 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
134 For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or
135 for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You
136 must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And
137 you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
140 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2)
141 offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
142 distribute and/or modify the software.
145 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that
146 everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If
147 the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its
148 recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any
149 problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors'
153 Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents.
154 We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will
155 individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program
156 proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must
157 be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
160 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
165 <BIG CLASS="XLARGE">T<SMALL>ERMS AND </SMALL>C<SMALL>ONDITIONS </SMALL>F<SMALL>OR </SMALL>C<SMALL>OPYING, </SMALL>D<SMALL>ISTRIBUTION AND
166 </SMALL>M<SMALL>ODIFICATION</SMALL></BIG>
174 This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice
175 placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the
176 terms of this General Public License. The ``Program'', below, refers to
177 any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either
178 the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a
179 work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
180 modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter,
181 translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification''.)
182 Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
185 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
186 covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of
187 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
188 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
189 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
190 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
194 <LI>You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
195 code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously
196 and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice
197 and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to
198 this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other
199 recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
202 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you
203 may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
208 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
209 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
210 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
211 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
217 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that
218 you changed the files and the date of any change.
223 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
224 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
225 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
226 parties under the terms of this License.
230 <LI>If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
231 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
232 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
233 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
234 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
235 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
236 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
237 License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
238 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
239 the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
246 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If
247 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
248 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
249 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
250 sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you
251 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
252 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
253 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
254 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
257 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
258 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
259 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
260 collective works based on the Program.
263 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
264 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
265 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
266 the scope of this License.
270 <LI>You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
271 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
272 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
278 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
279 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
280 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
285 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
286 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
287 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
288 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
289 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
290 customarily used for software interchange; or,
295 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
296 to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is
297 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
298 received the program in object code or executable form with such
299 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
306 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
307 making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source
308 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
309 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
310 control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a
311 special exception, the source code distributed need not include
312 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
313 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
314 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
315 itself accompanies the executable.
318 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
319 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
320 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
321 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
322 compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
326 <LI>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
327 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
328 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
329 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
330 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
331 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
332 parties remain in full compliance.
336 <LI>You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
337 signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
338 distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are
339 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by
340 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
341 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
342 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
343 the Program or works based on it.
347 <LI>Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
348 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
349 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
350 these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further
351 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
352 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
357 <LI>If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
358 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
359 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
360 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
361 excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot
362 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
363 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
364 may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent
365 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
366 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
367 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
368 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
371 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
372 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
373 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
377 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
378 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
379 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
380 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
381 implemented by public license practices. Many people have made
382 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
383 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
384 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
385 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
389 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
390 be a consequence of the rest of this License.
394 <LI>If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
395 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
396 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
397 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
398 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
399 countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates
400 the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
404 <LI>The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
405 of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will
406 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
407 address new problems or concerns.
410 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
411 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
412 later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
413 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
414 Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of
415 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
420 <LI>If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
421 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
422 to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free
423 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
424 make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals
425 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
426 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
431 N<SMALL>O </SMALL>W<SMALL>ARRANTY
438 <LI>B<SMALL>ECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
439 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. </SMALL>E<SMALL>XCEPT WHEN
440 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
441 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
442 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
443 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. </SMALL>T<SMALL>HE ENTIRE RISK AS
444 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. </SMALL>S<SMALL>HOULD THE
445 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
446 REPAIR OR CORRECTION.</SMALL>
450 <LI>I<SMALL>N NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
451 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
452 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
453 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
454 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
455 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
456 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
457 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
458 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.</SMALL>
466 <BIG CLASS="XLARGE">E<SMALL>ND OF </SMALL>T<SMALL>ERMS AND </SMALL>C<SMALL>ONDITIONS</SMALL></BIG>
474 <H2><A NAME="SECTION00071000000000000000">
475 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A>
479 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
480 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
481 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
485 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
486 attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey
487 the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
488 ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
492 one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.
494 Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
497 <BLOCKQUOTE>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
498 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
499 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
500 (at your option) any later version.
503 <BLOCKQUOTE>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
504 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
505 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
506 GNU General Public License for more details.
509 <BLOCKQUOTE>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
510 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
511 Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
516 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
519 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
520 when it starts in an interactive mode:
524 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
526 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
528 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
529 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
534 The hypothetical commands <TT>show w</TT> and <TT>show c</TT> should show the
535 appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands
536 you use may be called something other than <TT>show w</TT> and <TT>show c</TT>;
537 they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
541 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
542 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
543 necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
547 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program
548 <BR>`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
551 <BLOCKQUOTE>signature of Ty Coon, 1 April 1989
553 Ty Coon, President of Vice
558 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
559 into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you
560 may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications
561 with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library
562 General Public License instead of this License.
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