2 \section{Class and object hierarchies}
5 While Ion does not not have a truly object-oriented design
6 \footnote{the author doesn't like such artificial designs},
7 things that appear on the computer screen are, however, quite
8 naturally expressed as such ''objects''. Therefore Ion implements
9 a rather primitive OO system for these screen objects and some
12 It is essential for the module writer to learn this object
13 system, but also people who write their own binding configuration files
14 necessarily come into contact with the class and object hierarchies
15 -- you need to know which binding setup routines apply where,
16 and what functions can be used as handlers in which bindings.
17 It is the purpose of this section to attempt to explain these
18 hierarchies. If you do not wish the read the full section, at least
19 read the summary at the end of it, so that you understand the very
22 For simplicity we consider only the essential-for-basic-configuration
23 Ioncore, \file{mod\_tiling} and \file{mod\_query} classes.
24 See Appendix \ref{app:fullhierarchy} for the full class hierachy visible
27 \subsection{Class hierarchy}
29 One of the most important principles of object-oriented design methodology
30 is inheritance; roughly how classes (objects are instances of classes)
31 extend on others' features. Inheritance gives rise to class hierarchy.
32 In the case of single-inheritance this hierarchy can be expressed as a
33 tree where the class at the root is inherited by all others below it
34 and so on. Figure \ref{fig:classhierarchy} lists out the Ion class
35 hierarchy and below we explain what features of Ion the classes
40 \docode % latex2html kludge
51 | | |-->WInput (mod_query)
52 | | |-->WEdln (mod_query)
53 | | |-->WMessage (mod_query)
57 | |-->WTiling (mod_tiling)
58 |-->WSplit (mod_tiling)
60 \caption{Partial Ioncore, \file{mod\_tiling} and \file{mod\_query}
62 \label{fig:classhierarchy}
68 \item[\type{Obj}]\indextype{Obj}
69 Is the base of Ion's object system.
71 \item[\type{WRegion}]\indextype{WRegion}
72 is the base class for everything corresponding to something on the
73 screen. Each object of type \type{WRegion} has a size and position
74 relative to the parent \type{WRegion}. While a big part of Ion
75 operates on these instead of more specialised classes, \type{WRegion}
76 is a ''virtual'' base class in that there are no objects of ''pure''
77 type \type{WRegion}; all concrete regions are objects of some class
78 that inherits \type{WRegion}.
80 \item[\type{WClientWin}]\indextype{WClientWin} is a class for
81 client window objects, the objects that window managers are
84 \item[\type{WWindow}]\indextype{WWindow} is the base class for all
85 internal objects having an X window associated to them
86 (\type{WClientWins} also have X windows associated to them).
88 \item[\type{WRootWin}]\indextype{WRootWin} is the class for
89 root windows\index{root window} of X screens\index{screen!X}.
90 Note that an ''X screen'' or root window is not necessarily a
91 single physical screen\index{screen!physical} as a root window
92 may be split over multiple screens when hacks such as
93 Xinerama\index{Xinerama} are used. (Actually there can be only
94 one root window when Xinerama is used.)
96 \item[\type{WMPlex}] is a base class for all regions that''multiplex''
97 other regions. This means that of the regions managed by the multiplexer,
98 only one can be displayed at a time. Classes that inhereit \type{WMPlex}
99 include screens and frames.
101 \item[\type{WScreen}]\indextype{WScreen} is the class for objects
102 corresponding to physical screens. Screens may share a root
103 window when the Xinerama extension is used as explained above.
105 \item[\type{WFrame}]\indextype{WFrame} is the class for frames.
106 While most Ion's objects have no graphical presentation, frames basically
107 add to \type{WMPlex}es the decorations around client windows
110 \item[\type{WGroup}]\indextype{WGroup} is the base class for groups.
111 Particular types of groups are workspaces
112 (\type{WGroupWS}\indextype{WGroupWS})
113 and groups of client windows
114 (\type{WGroupCW}\indextype{WGroupCW}).
118 Classes implemented by the \file{mod\_tiling} module:
121 \item[\type{WTiling}]\indextype{WTiling} is the class for tilings
123 \item[\type{WSplit}]\indextype{WSplit} (or, more specifically, classes
124 that inherit it) encode the \type{WTiling} tree structure.
128 Classes implemented by the \file{mod\_query} module:
131 \item[\type{WInput}]\indextype{WInput} is a virtual base class for the
133 \item[\type{WEdln}]\indextype{WEdln} is the class for the ''queries'',
134 the text inputs that usually appear at bottoms of frames and sometimes
135 screens. Queries are the functional equivalent of ''mini buffers'' in
137 \item[\type{WMessage}]\indextype{WMessage} implements the boxes for
138 warning and other messages that Ion may wish to display to the user.
139 These also usually appear at bottoms of frames.
142 There are also some other ''proxy'' classes that do not refer
143 to objects on the screen. The only important one of these for
144 basic configuration is \type{WMoveresMode} that is used for
145 binding callbacks in the move and resize mode.
148 \subsection{Object hierarchies: \type{WRegion} parents and managers}
150 \subsubsection{Parent--child relations}
151 Each object of type \type{WRegion} has a parent and possibly a manager
152 associated to it. The parent\index{parent} for an object is always a
153 \type{WWindow} and for \type{WRegion} with an X window (\type{WClientWin},
154 \type{WWindow}) the parent \type{WWindow} is given by the same relation of
155 the X windows. For other \type{WRegion}s the relation is not as clear.
156 There is generally very few restrictions other than the above on the
157 parent---child relation but the most common is as described in
158 Figure \ref{fig:parentship}.
162 \docode % latex2html kludge
169 |-->WClientWins in full screen mode
173 |-->WFrames for transients
174 |-->a possible WEdln or WMessage
176 \caption{Most common parent--child relations}
177 \label{fig:parentship}
180 \type{WRegion}s have very little control over their children as a parent.
181 The manager\index{manager} \type{WRegion} has much more control over its
182 managed \type{WRegion}s. Managers, for example, handle resize requests,
183 focusing and displaying of the managed regions. Indeed the manager---managed
184 relationship gives a better picture of the logical ordering of objects on
185 the screen. Again, there are generally few limits, but the most common
186 hierarchy is given in Figure \ref{fig:managership}. Note that sometimes
187 the parent and manager are the same object and not all objects may have
188 a manager (e.g. the dock in the dock module at the time of writing this)
189 but all have a parent--a screen if not anything else.
191 \subsubsection{Manager--managed relations}
195 \docode % latex2html kludge
200 |-->WGroupCWs for full screen WClientWins
202 | |-->WFrames for transients (dialogs)
204 |-->WGroupWSs for workspaces
206 | | |-->possibly a WEdln, WMessage or WMenu
208 | | |-->WGroupCWs (with contents as above)
209 | |-->WFrames for floating content
210 |-->WFrames for sticky stuff, such as the scratchpad
212 \caption{Most common manager--managed relations}
213 \label{fig:managership}
216 Note that a workspace can manage another workspace. This can be
217 achieved with the \fnref{attach_new} function, and allows you to nest
218 workspaces as deep as you want.
220 %Note how the \type{WClientWin}s managed by \type{WFloatFrame}s don't have
221 %transients managed by them. This is because WFloatWSs choose to handle
222 %transients differently (transients are put in separate frames like normal
227 In the standard setup, keeping queries, messages and menus out of
231 \item The top-level objects that matter are screens and they correspond
232 to physical screens. The class for screens is \type{WScreen}.
233 \item Screens contain (multiplex) groups (\type{WGroup}) and other
234 objects, such as \type{WFrames}. Some of these are mutually exclusive
235 to be viewed at a time.
236 \item Groups of the specific kind \type{WGroupWS} often contain a
237 \type{WTiling} tiling for tiling frames (\type{WFrame}), but
238 groups may also directly contain floating frames.
239 \item Frames are the objects with decorations such as tabs and borders.
240 Frames contain (multiplex) among others (groups of) client windows,
241 to each of which corresponds a tab in the frame's decoration. Only
242 one client window (or other object) can be shown at a time in each
243 frame. The class for client windows is \type{WClientWin}.